Kyphosis
Kyphosis is an abnormal forward rounding of the upper back (thoracic spine) that creates a hunched or curved posture. While some curvature is normal, excessive rounding (greater than 50 degrees) can cause pain, fatigue, and in severe cases breathing difficulty or neurological symptoms. It can develop from poor posture, vertebral compression fractures, degenerative disc disease, or structural abnormalities present during adolescent growth.
Find a SpecialistWhat is Kyphosis?
Kyphosis is an abnormal forward rounding of the upper back (thoracic spine) that creates a hunched or curved posture. While some curvature is normal, excessive rounding (greater than 50 degrees) can cause pain, fatigue, and in severe cases breathing difficulty or neurological symptoms. It can develop from poor posture, vertebral compression fractures, degenerative disc disease, or structural abnormalities present during adolescent growth.
Last reviewed May 8, 2026 by AdvOrtho Editorial Team
Informational, not medical advice
Symptoms
- Rounded or hunched upper back visible from the side
- Back pain or stiffness across the thoracic spine
- Tenderness or muscle fatigue along the mid-back
- Reduced ability to stand fully upright
- In severe cases: shortness of breath or difficulty swallowing
- Neurological symptoms such as leg weakness or numbness (rare, in very severe curves)
When to See a Doctor
See a spine specialist if you notice a visible upper back curve that is worsening, have persistent thoracic pain, have experienced a vertebral compression fracture, or have any neurological symptoms. Adolescents with progressive curves benefit from early evaluation.
Treatment Options
Physical therapy and exercise
Core and back extensor strengthening improves posture and reduces pain in postural kyphosis. Often the first treatment for mild to moderate cases.
Bracing
A spinal brace may be prescribed for adolescents with Scheuermann kyphosis whose skeleton is still growing, typically worn 16-20 hours per day to prevent curve progression.
Osteoporosis management
For kyphosis caused by vertebral compression fractures, treating underlying osteoporosis with bisphosphonates, calcium, and vitamin D is essential to prevent further fractures.
Vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty
Minimally invasive procedures that inject bone cement into collapsed vertebrae to stabilize fractures and reduce pain. Kyphoplasty also partially restores vertebral height.
Spinal fusion surgery
Reserved for severe structural curves (typically over 70-75 degrees) causing refractory pain, neurological compromise, or cardiopulmonary restriction. Rods, screws, and bone graft correct and stabilize the deformity.
Recovery Timeline
Postural kyphosis typically improves over weeks to months with consistent physical therapy. Kyphoplasty recovery is 1-3 days. Spinal fusion surgery requires 3-6 months before returning to most activities and up to 12-18 months for full recovery.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between kyphosis and scoliosis?
Kyphosis is an excessive forward curvature of the spine viewed from the side, creating a hunched appearance. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature visible from behind. Both are types of spinal deformity and can sometimes occur together. Kyphosis typically affects the thoracic (upper) spine, while scoliosis most often affects the thoracic or lumbar regions.
Can kyphosis be corrected without surgery?
Postural kyphosis — caused by muscle weakness and poor posture — often responds well to physical therapy and postural correction. Structural kyphosis from Scheuermann disease may be managed with bracing in growing adolescents. Severe structural curves in adults, particularly those causing pain or neurological symptoms, typically require surgery for correction.
What type of doctor treats kyphosis?
Orthopedic spine surgeons are the primary specialists for kyphosis, especially when surgery may be needed. Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians manage non-surgical cases. Pediatric orthopedic surgeons handle adolescent Scheuermann kyphosis. Rheumatologists may be involved when ankylosing spondylitis is the underlying cause.
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This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.